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बगराम एयर बेस: इतिहास, सामरिक महत्व और विरासत  प्रस्तावना  बगराम एयर बेस अफगानिस्तान की राजधानी काबुल से लगभग 40 किलोमीटर उत्तर में परवान प्रांत में स्थित है। यह अफगानिस्तान में अमेरिकी सेना का सबसे बड़ा ठिकाना था और लगभग दो दशकों तक "वार ऑन टेरर" (आतंकवाद के खिलाफ युद्ध) का प्रमुख केंद्र बना रहा। जुलाई 2021 में अमेरिकी सेना की वापसी तक यह ठिकाना अफगानिस्तान में अमेरिका की सैन्य शक्ति और रणनीतिक उपस्थिति का प्रतीक बना रहा। ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि  * सोवियत काल: बगराम बेस का निर्माण 1950 के दशक में सोवियत संघ ने किया था। 1979–1989 के बीच अफगानिस्तान पर सोवियत कब्जे के दौरान यह सोवियत सेना का मुख्य परिचालन अड्डा रहा। गृहयुद्ध और तालिबान काल: सोवियत वापसी के बाद यह ठिकाना विभिन्न अफगान गुटों के बीच संघर्ष का केंद्र बना रहा। 1990 के दशक के अंत तक यह तालिबान के नियंत्रण में आ गया।  * अमेरिकी अधिग्रहण (2001): 11 सितम्बर 2001 के हमलों के बाद जब अमेरिका ने अफगानिस्तान में सैन्य हस्तक्षेप किया तो बगराम बेस को सबसे बड़े सैन्य अड्डे के रूप में विकसित किया गया...

Bagram Air Base: History, Strategic Importance, and Legacy  Introduction  Bagram Air Base, located about 40 kilometers north of Kabul in Parwan Province, Afghanistan, was the largest U.S. military base in the country and one of the most significant military installations during the War on Terror. Known as the nerve center of American military operations in Afghanistan, Bagram symbolized U.S. power projection in South Asia for nearly two decades until its final evacuation in July 2021. Historical Background  * Soviet Era: Bagram was originally built in the 1950s by the Soviet Union as part of Cold War geopolitics. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989), it served as a major operational hub for the Red Army.  * Civil War and Taliban Era: After the Soviet withdrawal, the base was contested among Afghan factions during the civil war. By the late 1990s, it fell into the hands of the Taliban before being seized by U.S. forces in 2001.  ...

 Introduction  The political journey of Narendra Damodardas Modi represents one of the most remarkable transformations in the history of Indian democracy. From his humble beginnings in Vadnagar, a small town in Gujarat, to rising as the most dominant political leader of the world’s largest democracy, Modi’s story is both inspirational and controversial. His leadership has not only redefined Indian politics but has also significantly influenced the nation’s economic, social, and international outlook. Since assuming office as the 14th Prime Minister of India in May 2014, Modi has emerged as a figure who evokes admiration and criticism in equal measure. The global political stage has taken note of Modi’s strong and charismatic persona. Unlike many of his predecessors, Modi has consistently maintained a direct connection with the masses, using tools like social media, radio programs such as Mann Ki Baat, and large-scale public rallies to communicate his vision. His su...

Pakistan-Saudi Arabia Strategic Mutual Defence Pact: What It Is, What Led Up To It, and Implications for India What’s the Pact?  On 17 September 2025, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia formally signed a Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement during Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s state visit to Riyadh. Key points: Under the pact, any aggression against one country will be considered an aggression against both. It aims to strengthen defence cooperation and joint deterrence against threats. Though specifics are not fully disclosed, a major new element is that Pakistani officials have suggested that Pakistan's nuclear capabilities could potentially be extended to safeguard Saudi Arabia under this arrangement. Though Pakistan insists that nuclear weapons are “not on the radar” of the pact, the language being used implies some kind of deterrence posture. The pact formalises and institutionalises what had been, in many cases, less formal or ad hoc cooperation between Saudi Ara...

 The dramatic nighttime launch of Ofek 19—Israel’s latest  reconnaissance satellite—soaring skyward aboard a three-stage Shavit rocket. Let’s unpack what media outlets and official sources are reporting about this significant technological leap. Key Highlights from Media Reports  1. Launch Details & Technical Overview When & how: Ofek 19 lifted off on the night of September 2, 2025, around 22:30 IST, from a secure site within central Israel using a three-stage Shavit launcher. It successfully entered orbit, started transmitting, and began a series of initial tests. Orbit specifics: Positioned approximately 500 km above Earth, the satellite completes an orbit every 90 minutes. Advanced imaging: Ofek 19 is equipped with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) enabling day-and-night, all-weather, high-resolution reconnaissance. It’s capable of detecting objects as small as 0.5 m across.  2. Strategic Importance & Regional Surveillance Expanding capabiliti...

India–Russia Partnership: Ancient to Modern Introduction  India and Russia share a relationship that has evolved over centuries, from cultural and intellectual exchanges in ancient times to deep strategic and defense cooperation in the modern era. This bond is often described as “time-tested,” as it has survived shifting global dynamics while retaining mutual trust and respect. Ancient and Early Contacts  The connections between India and the regions of present-day Russia can be traced to ancient trade routes like the Silk Road. Indian ideas such as Buddhism reached Central Asia and later influenced Russian lands. In the 15th century, Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin visited India and recorded his experiences in “Journey Beyond Three Seas,” giving Russia one of its earliest detailed accounts of India’s society and culture. 19th Century Cultural and Intellectual Links  In the 19th century, Russian thinkers and writers developed a fascination with Indian philoso...

  Top Nuclear Power Nations: Ancient to Modern  : Top Nuclear Power Nations: Ancient to Modern Introduction The concept of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons has transformed the global balance of power in modern history. While the word “nuclear” is modern, the roots of atomic understanding go back to ancient civilizations that explored the idea of indivisible particles. Over time, scientific discoveries during the 19th and 20th centuries paved the way for nuclear technology, which today defines the geopolitical strength of many nations. This article explores the journey of nuclear knowledge from ancient concepts to modern nuclear power nations that dominate global security and energy production. Ancient Understanding of Atomic Theory Ancient India and Greece : The earliest concepts of the atom date back to ancient philosophers. In India, sage Kanada (6th century BCE) proposed the theory of "anu" (atom) as the smallest indivisible particle. Similarly, in Greece, Democr...

 विक्रम-32 (Vikram 3201)  विक्रम-32 (Vikram 3201): भारत का पहला स्वदेशी 32-बिट स्पेस-ग्रेड माइक्रोप्रोसेसर भारत की सेमीकंडक्टर यात्रा का ऐतिहासिक क्षण  सेमिकॉन इंडिया 2025 सम्मेलन के दौरान केंद्रीय मंत्री अश्विनी वैष्णव ने प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी को भारत का पहला पूर्णतः स्वदेशी 32-बिट माइक्रोप्रोसेसर ‘विक्रम-32’ (Vikram 3201) भेंट किया। यह क्षण भारत की आत्मनिर्भरता की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धि माना गया, खासकर अंतरिक्ष और रक्षा अनुसंधान के लिए (Economic Times, Times of India)। अंतरिक्ष की कठिन परिस्थितियों के लिए तैयार  इस चिप को इसरो (ISRO) के विक्रम साराभाई अंतरिक्ष केंद्र (VSSC) ने डिज़ाइन किया है और इसे चंडीगढ़ स्थित इसरो के सेमीकंडक्टर लैब (SCL) में 180 नैनोमीटर CMOS प्रोसेस से तैयार किया गया है। यह चिप –55°C से +125°C तक के तापमान और उच्च कंपन व विकिरण (Radiation) जैसी कठिन परिस्थितियों में काम करने में सक्षम है। यह गुण इसे अंतरिक्ष मिशनों के लिए विशेष रूप से उपयुक्त बनाते हैं (ISRO.gov.in)। मुख्य विशेषताएँ और नवाचार विशेषता विवरण आर्किटेक्चर ...

India's indegegenous   Vikram-32 chip Vikram-32 (Vikram 3201): India’s First Indigenous 32-Bit Space-Grade Microprocessor A Landmark Moment for India’s Semiconductor Journey At Semicon India 2025 , Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw presented the Vikram-32 chip —formally known as Vikram 3201 —to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This marked the debut of India’s first fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessor, specially developed for aerospace and satellite applications . Designed for the Harshness of Space Developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) and fabricated at ISRO’s Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Chandigarh using a 180 nm CMOS process , the chip is engineered to endure the extremes of space—ranging from –55 °C to +125 °C—as well as intense vibration and radiation . Key Specifications & Innovations Feature Details Architecture 32-bit design with custom instruction set, successor to Vikram 1601 (16-bit) used since 2009 Floating...

 T he impact of Trump’s tariffs on India Overview: What Happened? Tariff Escalation : In August 2025, the Trump administration doubled tariffs on Indian goods—starting with a 25% "reciprocal" tariff and adding another 25% in retaliation for India's continued purchase of Russian oil—bringing the total tariff to 50% , one of the steepest levies ever imposed on a trade partner. Scale of Impact : These tariffs affect approximately 55–66% of India’s annual exports to the U.S. , which are valued around $86–87 billion . Economic Consequences for India 1. Export Collapse in Key Sectors Labour-intensive industries such as textiles, apparel, gems, jewellery, carpets, leather goods, and seafood could see a 70% plunge in exports . Overall, shipments to the U.S. may drop from $86.5 billion to about $50 billion. 2. GDP Growth Hit Economists estimate the tariffs could shave off up to 1 percentage point from India’s GDP growth this fiscal year. Some ...

Causes of Floods in Punjab 1. Heavy Monsoon Rainfall Punjab receives most of its rain during the monsoon (July–September). Excessive and prolonged rainfall often exceeds the capacity of rivers and canals. Cloudbursts and sudden heavy showers increase the risk of flash floods. Overflowing of major rivers like Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and Ghaggar is a common phenomenon. 2. Overflowing Rivers and Catchment Pressure Water flow from Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir adds to Punjab’s rivers. Catchment areas receive intense rainfall, leading to excess water downstream. Sutlej and Beas rivers often breach embankments during peak rains. 3. Poor Drainage and Waterlogging Lack of proper stormwater drainage systems in urban and rural areas. Encroachment and construction block natural drainage channels. Waterlogging in Malwa region worsens flooding due to soil conditions and improper water disposal. 4. Dam and Reservoir Releases Sudden release of excess wat...

2025 ਦੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਰਹੀਆਂ ਭਾਰੀਆਂ ਬੁਰਖ਼ੇ — ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਖੇਪ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦੋਨੋਂ ਪੱਖਾਂ 'ਚ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਮੁਸੀਬਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ (ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ) ਅਗਸਤ 2025 ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁਸਲਾਧਾਰ ਮੌਸਮੀ ਬਾਰਿਸ਼ਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਬੰਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਾਧੂ ਪਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਰਿਲੀਜ ਕਾਰਨ, ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਤਬਾਹੀ ਹੋਈ। ਲਗਭਗ 1,400 ਪਿੰਡ ਡੁੱਬੇ, 2.5 ਲੱਖ ਏਕੜ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਬਾਰ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਹੋਈ, ਅਤੇ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ 3.5 ਲੱਖ ਲੋਕ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ‘ਚ ਪਏ । ਹਾਲਤ ਨੂੰ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਚੁਣੌਤੀਪੂਰਨ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ—1988 ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ ਬਾਰ੍ਹ । ਇਸ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਸੰਪੂਰਨ 23 ਜ਼ਿਲਿਆਂ ‘ਚ ਪਾਣੀ ਭਰ ਗਿਆ, ਘੱਟੋ ਘੱਟ 30 ਤੋਂ 37 ਲੋਕ ਮਾਰੇ ਗਏ । ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ (ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ) ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ 2025 ਦੀ ਸਬ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ ਬਾਰ੍ਹ ਆਈ, ਜਿਸ ‘ਚ Ravi, Chenab, Sutlej ਤਰੱਕ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹਨ । 48 ਘੰਟਿਆਂ ‘ਚ ਲਗਭਗ 3 ਲੱਖ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਾਲੀ ਕਰਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ, ਸਮੁੱਚੇ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਤ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ 1.3 ਮਿਲੀਅਨ ਤੱਕ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਗਈ । ਕੁੱਲ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ 3.3 ਮਿਲੀਅਨ ਲੋਕ ਅਤੇ 33,000 ਪਿੰਡ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ । ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ‘ਤੇ ਪਾਣੀ, ਸਕੂਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੈਲਟਰ ਵਜੋਂ ਬਦਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ; ਰਾਹਤ ਕੰਮ ਜਾਰੀ ਹੈ, ਪਰ ਅਸਹਾਜ਼ਤਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਇਤਾਂ ਵੀ ਹਨ । ਤੰਦਰੁਸਤੀ ਖਤਰੇ—ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਹੈਪੀਟਾਈਟਿਸ, ਮਲੇਰੀਆ, ਕੋਲੇਰਾ—ਵਧ ਗਏ ਹਨ । ਭਾਰਤ (ਪੰਜਾਬ) ‘ਚ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ ਤਾਤਕਾਲਿ...

ਪੰਜਾਬ: ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਤੋਂ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਯੁੱਗ ਤੱਕ ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ "ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਧਰਤੀ" ( ਪੰਜ + ਆਬ ), ਭਾਰਤੀ ਉਪਮਹਾਦੀਪ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਉਪਜਾਊ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤਿਕ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਧਨਾਢ਼ ਖੇਤਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ, ਰਾਵੀ, ਚਨਾਬ ਅਤੇ ਝੇਲਮ ਦਰਿਆ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਖੇਤਰ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਚਾਣ ਬਣਾਈ। ਇਹ ਧਰਤੀ ਹਜ਼ਾਰਾਂ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ, ਆਧਿਆਤਮਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਸਿੰਧੁ ਘਾਟੀ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ (2600–1900 ਈ.ਪੂ.) ਤੱਕ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਹਰੱਪਾ (ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ) ਵਿੱਚ ਖੁਦਾਈ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਉੱਚ ਦਰਜੇ ਦੀ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਯੋਜਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਪਾਰ ਦੇ ਸਬੂਤ ਮਿਲਦੇ ਹਨ। ਰਿਗਵੇਦਿਕ ਯੁੱਗ (1500 ਈ.ਪੂ.) ਵੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜਿੱਥੇ "ਸਪਤ ਸਿੰਧੂ" ਖੇਤਰ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਮੌਰਿਆ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ (321–185 ਈ.ਪੂ.) ਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਚੰਦਰਗੁਪਤ ਮੌਰਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਅਸ਼ੋਕ ਮਹਾਨ ਦੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਰਿਹਾ। ਇਸ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਬੌੱਧ ਧਰਮ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰ ਹੋਇਆ। ਟਕਸਾਲਾ (ਟੈਕਸਿਲਾ) ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਸੀ। 326 ਈ.ਪੂ. ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਨੇ ਰਾਵੀ ਅਤੇ ਝੇਲਮ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਾਜਾ ਪੋਰਸ ਨਾਲ ਯੁੱਧ ਕੀਤਾ, ਜੋ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਹੈ। ਮੱਧਕਾਲੀਨ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਮੱਧਕਾਲ ਦੌਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਉੱਤਰੀ-ਪੱਛਮ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਏ ਹਮਲਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ ਰਿਹਾ। ਗ਼ਜ...

  Punjab: From Ancient to Modern Times with factual details. Punjab: From Ancient to Modern Times Punjab, meaning the "land of five rivers" (derived from Persian panj = five, aab = water), has been one of the most fertile and culturally rich regions of the Indian subcontinent. The rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum once defined its geography, giving Punjab its unique agricultural prosperity. Over centuries, Punjab has witnessed the rise and fall of many empires, invasions, cultural shifts, and political changes, shaping it into a region of deep historical significance and modern dynamism. Ancient Punjab Punjab’s history dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) , which flourished in areas such as Harappa (now in Pakistan’s Punjab). Excavations reveal advanced urban planning, trade, and craft industries. Ancient Punjab is also associated with the Rig Vedic period (c. 1500 BCE) when Aryan tribes settled in the Sapta Sindhu re...