In News : Polygraphy Test & Narco Test

Polygraph Test and Narco Test: Scientific Examination or Controversial Methods?

 Introduction

In the context of reforms in the criminal justice system in India, several new methods have been adopted, with polygraph tests and narco tests being among the most prominent. These tests are used to ascertain the truth in criminal cases. Although their effectiveness is often questioned, they are still widely employed. This article will explore the principles, procedures, legality, and controversies surrounding polygraph and narco tests.

 Polygraph Test: Definition and Procedure

The polygraph test is commonly known as the "lie detector" test. It measures a person's physiological indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and skin conductivity. During the test, the individual is asked a series of both general and specific questions. By measuring the physiological responses, the test attempts to deduce whether the person is telling the truth or lying.

Process of the Polygraph Test:

1. Pre-Test Interview: Before the test, the individual is asked questions to induce stress. During this phase, they are informed about the entire procedure.
2. Test: The individual is connected to a polygraph machine, and questions are asked. The machine records the person's physiological indicators.
3. Post-Test Interview: After the test, the recorded data is analyzed, and conclusions are drawn regarding whether the person was truthful or deceitful.

 Narco Test: Definition and Procedure

In a narco test, the individual is administered a specific drug, typically sodium pentothal, which induces a semi-conscious state. In this state, the individual is considered to be in a state of unconsciousness, making them more prone to telling the truth, as their conscious mind is less in control.

 Process of the Narco Test:

1. Administration of Drug: The individual is given a controlled dose of sodium pentothal, which leads them into a semi-conscious state.
2. Questioning: The person is asked a series of general and specific questions while in this state. It is believed that in this altered state, they are more likely to reveal the truth.
3. Recording and Analysis: The responses are recorded and later analyzed for authenticity and accuracy.

 Scientific Perspective

Both polygraph and narco tests face skepticism regarding their scientific validity. The polygraph measures only physiological responses and then attempts to determine whether the individual is lying. However, these physiological indicators do not always correlate directly with truth or falsehood. A person’s stress or fear can also cause changes in these indicators. Similarly, in a narco test, it is challenging to determine the truth from a person’s conscious and subconscious states. The use of drugs can influence the individual's psychological and physical condition, making the reliability of their responses questionable.

 Legality and Constitutionality

In India, the legality of polygraph and narco tests has been challenged in various courts. In a landmark decision in 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that conducting these tests without an individual's consent violates their fundamental rights. Under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution, no person can be compelled to testify against themselves. Thus, polygraph and narco tests can only be conducted with the individual's explicit consent.

 Controversy and Criticism

Several controversies have arisen regarding the use of polygraph and narco tests. It has been observed in many cases that the results of these tests can be inconsistent or unexpected. Many experts believe that relying solely on these tests is not appropriate for the justice system. Additionally, several human rights organizations view these tests as an infringement on an individual's privacy and freedom.

 Ethical and Legal Questions

The use of these tests raises numerous ethical and legal questions. Is it appropriate to use drugs to make a person reveal the truth? Can one accurately measure the truth or lies of an individual by monitoring their physiological indicators? The answers to these questions remain ambiguous. Legal and law enforcement experts advise a cautious approach to using these tests.

 Conclusion

Polygraph and narco tests are used to ascertain the truth in criminal cases, but there are significant questions regarding their effectiveness and legality. It is crucial to obtain the individual’s consent before using these methods, and not to rely entirely on their outcomes. The justice system should employ other scientific and traditional methods to ensure accuracy in ascertaining the truth. During the use of these tests, it is essential to uphold human rights and respect the principles of justice.

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